Title of the Course: Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Course No. BGE-1101
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION- A
1. Introduction: Definition, history, technology level, and applications of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering and developing countries. Commercialization of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in a developing economy.
2. Recombinant DNA Technology: Modification of gene, gene transfer, transgenic organism.
3. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering and Fermentation Process: Bioreactor, the fermentation process; fermention products.
4. Food Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Introduction, alcoholic beverages, dairy products, food wnzymes, sweeteners, food wastes, miscellaneous microbial products, oriental fermented foods and drinks, bakery processes.
5. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture: Impact of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in agriculture; list of biotechnological products used in agriculture and their advantages and disadvantages, Biotechnological tools uses in crop production. Plant Tissue culture: Micropropagation, applocation of micropropagation, genetic manipulated plants biological nitrogen fixation and biofertilizers, biocontrol of plant pathogens, insect-pests and weeds. Mushroom production. Transgenic plants.
6. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Animal Production: Animal wealth, products from animal from animal cell culture, pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals, blood substitutes from transgenic animals.
7. Biosensor Technology and probiotics: Definition, scope and applications.
SECTION- B
8. Enzyme Technology: Definition of enzyme, enzymology and enzyme technology, the nature of enzymes, the application of enzymes, the technology of enzyme production, immobilized enzymes.
9. Biotechnology and Medicine: Introduction, regulatory proteins, blood products, antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
10. Biological Fuel Generation: Photosynthesis - the ultimate energy resource, sources of biomass, ethanol from biomass, methane from biomass, biogas production.
11. Biotechnology and Environment: Oil pollution, microbes and geological environment, pesticides and herbicides pollution, heavy metal pollution and sewage disposal.
12. Safety in Biotechnology: Problems of organisms, pathogencity, problems of biologically active biotechnological products.
Recommended References:
1. Bilgrami & Pandey (1990). Introduction to Biotechnology, CBS Publishers, India
2. Bullock, J. & Uritiansen, B. (1995). Basic Biotechnology. Academic Press, UK.
3. Dubey, R. C. (1995). Introduction to Biotechnology. 7th ed. S. Chand & Co. Pvt. Ltd. India.
4. Natesh, S. (1993). Biotechnology in Agriculture. Oxford & IBM Pvt Ltd. India.
5. Rao, N. S. S. (1996). Biofertilizer in Agriculture and Forestry. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd. India.
6. Smith, J. E. (1988). Biotechnology, 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold Pub NY, UK.
Title of the Course: Evolutionary and Functional Botany
Course No. BGE-1103
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION- A
1. Introduction: Biology and Botany, branches and scope of botany, diversities in plant kingdom and causes of diversities.
2. Origin of Life: Origin of earth and its primitive atmosphere, chemical and biological evolution of life. Origin of plants.
3. Systematic botany:
a) Taxonomy: Definition; objectives and uses of taxonomy; units, systems and basis of classification; characters used in phylogenetic system. Naming of texa.
b) Systematic study and economic importance of the following families of angiosperms; i) Gramineae/poaceae ii) Leguminosae iii) Compositae iv) Orchidacea v) Cruciferae. Practical implications of systematic study of families in biotechnology.
4. Economic Botany: Economic importance of medicinal plant, cereals, fibers, oil, fruits, beverage, rubber, sugars, fodder and narcotics yielding plants.
5. Anatomy: Ultrastructure of plant cell, tissue and tissue system-concept and classification, characteristic features/structures, functions and distribution of different types of plant tissues. Importance of studying tissue and tissue system in biotechnology.
6. Embryology: Study of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis, megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, fertilization and development of embryo.
SECTION- B
7. Study of the following cryptogams:
i) Algae: habitat, characteristics, reproduction, classification and economic importance with emphasis on biotechnology. Some algae of special interest.
ii) Fungi: characteristics and economic importance with emphasis on mushroom cultivation; yeast biotechnology and mycorrhizal biotechnology.
iii) Azolla: characteristics reproduction and economic importance.
iv) Bacteria: general characteristics and economic importance.
8. Reproduction of higher plants: Sexual, asexual and special types; brief description with merits and demerits of each type.
9. Plant Ecology: Concept of ecology and ecosystem. Biomass production, productivity, producers, consumers and decomposers; ecological factors; food chain and food web; energy flow in an ecosystem. Role of green plants in nature; Green house effect.
10. Plant Diseases: Definition, classification, symptoms, importance and control measures against plant diseases.
Recommended References:
1. Bilgrami, K. S.; Srivastava, L. M. & J. L. Shreemali, (1992). Fundamenetals of Botany, 2nd Ed., Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Dutta, A. C. (1974). Botany for Degree Students, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, Calcutta;
3. Easau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd Ed.; John Wiley, NY.
4. Foster, A. S. (1949). Practical Plant Anatomy, 2nd Ed.; Van. Nostrand.
5. Gupta, R. K. (1981). Text Book of Systematic Botany, 5th Ed., Atta Ram, Pub., New Delhi.
6. Hill, A. F. (1952). Economic Botany, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, Ny.
7. Mukharji, H. (1982). Plant Groups. New Central Book Agnecy, Calcutta.
8. Pursglove, J. W. (1990). Tropical Grops, Nol. 1 & 2, Longman, London.
Title of the Course: Evolutionary and Functional Botany Sessional and Field Work
Course No. BGE-1104
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Study of simple and compound microscope.
2. Techniques of preparation of temporary slides, sectioning, staining and mounting of plant and plant parts.
3. Study of plants the living resources of biotechnology: bacteria, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperm.
4. Study of ecological anatomy of plants growing in different habitats.
5. Herbarium: Collection and preservation of plants.
6. Microscopic study of cells and it's components.
7. Anatomy of monocot and dicot and other useful plants (viz. Azolla).
8. Study of plants disease symptoms.
Recommended References:
1. Bilgrami, K. S.; Srivastava, L. M. & J. L. Shreemali, (1992). Fundamenetals of Botany, 2nd Ed., Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Dutta, A. C. (1974). Botany for Degree Students, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, Calcutta;
3. Easau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd Ed.; John Wiley, NY.
4. Foster, A. S. (1949). Practical Plant Anatomy, 2nd Ed.; Van. Nostrand.
5. Gupta, R. K. (1981). Text Book of Systematic Botany, 5th Ed., Atta Ram, Pub., New Delhi.
6. Hill, A. F. (1952). Economic Botany, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, Ny.
7. Mukharji, H. (1982). Plant Groups. New Central Book Agnecy, Calcutta.
8. Pursglove, J. W. (1990). Tropical Grops, Nol. 1 & 2, Longman, London.
Title of the Course: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
Course No. Chem-1105
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION- A
1. Chemistry: Definition, scope, objectives of the study of chemistry in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.
2. Atomic structure and periodic table: Early views about atomic structure, introduction to quantum theory; photoelectric effect, Bohr’s theory, wave mechanical approach about atomic structure, Quantum number, electronic configuration, periodic relationship among the elements; periodic variation in physical and chemical properties.
3. Chemical bonding: Definition, types, covalent vs. ionic bond, coordinate bonding; bonding in transition metal complex, molecular geometry and molecular orbitals, intermolecular forces in liquid and solids.
4. Chemistry of elements: Chemistry of metal, nonmetallic elements and their compounds, transition metal chemistry and coordination compounds; chemistry of iron and copper.
5. Chemical reactions: Types of reaction, acid-base reactions, concept of pH and buffer solution, oxidation-reduction reactions; balancing oxidation-reduction reactions, Redox potential and its significance, spontaneity of redox reactions.
SECTION-B
6. Chemical Energetic: Energy changes in chemical reactions, heat of reaction and enthalpy, spontaneity of chemical reactions; entropy and free energy, bioenergetics; biochemical energy production.
7. Chemical kinetics: The rate of reaction, first, second and third order reactions and their simple treatment, energy of activation, reaction mechanism.
8. Chemical equilibrium: Concept of equilibrium, equilibrium constants, relationship between chemical kinetics and chemical equilibrium, factors effecting chemical equilibrium, acid-base equilibrium.
9. Solution and colloids: Types of solution, concentration units, factors effecting the solubility, colligative properties of solutions, colloids and crystalloids, classification of colloids, properties of colloids, coagulation and peptization, application of colloids.
Recommended References:
1. Chang, R. 1994. Chemistry, 5th ed. McGraw Hill Inc. NY.
2. Lee, J.D. 1996. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed. Blackwell Science, USA.
3. Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 1998.Longman Scientific & Technical.
4. Khaleque, A. 1999. A Text Book of Practical Chemistry, Ideal Library, Dhaka.
Title of the Course: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Sessional
Course No. Chem-1106
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
Course Contents:
1. Maintenance of chemistry laboratory
2. Preparation of standard solutions
3. Volumetric analysis:
a) Acid-base titration: Determination of the strength of the acid/base.
b) Oxidation-reduction titration: Determination of the amount iron by standard KMnO4.
c) Iodometric titration: Determination of the amount of copper by standard Na2S2O3.
d) Precipitation titration: Determination of chloride by standard AgNO3 solution.
e) Complexometric titration: Determination of Ca and Mg by EDTA titration.
Recommended References:
1. Chang, R. 1994. Chemistry, 5th ed. McGraw Hill Inc. NY.
2. Lee, J.D. 1996. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed. Blackwell Science, USA.
3. Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 1998.Longman Scientific & Technical.
4. Khaleque, A. 1999. A Text Book of Practical Chemistry, Ideal Library, Dhaka.
Title of the Course: Physics
Course No. Phy-1159
02 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION -A
1. Gravitation: Kepler's and Newton's Law, gravitational attraction of sphere, the acceleration of gravity, gravitational effect of spherical distribution of matter, mass and density of the earth.
2. Hydrostatics and Surface Tension: Hydrostatic pressure, Change of presure wtih elevation; equllibrium of floating bodies; pressure gauges; forces against adam; surface tension and energy; factor affecting surface tension capillarity.
3. Hydrodynamics and Viscosity: Lines and tubes of flow, equation of contunity; Bernoulki's equation and its application; Flow in curved duct; viscosity, co-effecient of viscosity of liquids and gases; variation of viscosity with temperature.
4. Oscillations: Harmonic motion; Simple harmonic oscillatiors, its amplitude, frequency, time period and energy.
5. Rotational Kinamatics: Rotational motion; rotation with constant angular acceleration; relation between linear and angular kinematics of a particle in circular motion.
6. Basic Electronics: Overview of vacuum tube technology, solid-state electronics devices and their applications, diodes, transistors and amplifiers, oscillators, introduction to operational amplifiers, integrated circuits, digital electronics, special electronics, special electronic devices like photocells, photomultipliers, cathode-ray tubes.
SECTION - B
7. Transfer of Heat: Conduction, thermal conductivity of thermal diffusivity; radial flow of heat ina sphere of cylinder; esperimental measurements of thermal conductivity, convection. Newton's law of cooling.
8. Kinds of Gases and Their characteristics: Kinetic theory of gas, fundamental assumption in the kinetic theroy; pressure exerted by a perfect gas; Brownian movement; molecular and atomic specific heat; mean free path.
9. Thermodynamics: First and second laws of thermodynamics, Cornot's cycle.
10. Radiation: Black body radiation; emissive power and absorption power, different laws of radiation application of radiation laws, adsorption, scatterin and dispersion.
11. Laser Emission and Absorption: Types and applications of laser.
12. Atomic and nuclear physics: Determination of the charge and mass of an electron, the photoelectric effect, De Broglie waves, the Heisenbeerg uncertainity principles, electron microsceopy, nuclear atom model, the Bohr model for the phdrogen atom, quantum mechanics, different kinds of rays like x-ray, gamma ray, UV ray and their characteristics and their applications, x-ray diffraction, absorption spectra, and color vision, radiation effect in biology, radiation dosage, diagnostic use of x-ray.
Recommended References:
1. Mathur, D. S. (1992). Elements of Properties of Matter, Shyamlal Charitable Trust, New Delhi, India.
2. Resnick, R. and Walliday, D. (1966). Physics Part-I. V. R. Darnodaran for Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, India.
3. Teraja, B. L. (1993). Modern Physics. S. Chand & Co. Ltd New Delhi, India.
4. Wark, K. (1983). Termodynamics. 4th ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Singapore. Sydney, Tokyo.
Title of the Course: Physics Sessional
Course No. Phy-1160
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Determination of surface tension of water.
2. Study of the variation of surface tension of a liquid with temperature.
3. Variation study of viscosity of water with temperature.
4. Determination of specific heat of a liquid by cooling method.
5. Use of resistance thermometer to determine the boiling point of a liquid.
6. Construction and calibration of a direct reading thermoelectric and measurement of boling point of a saturated brine solution.
7. Thermal conductivity of bad and good conductors.
8. Specific rotation of a solution using a polarimeter.
Recommended References:
1. Mathur, D. S. (1992). Elements of Properties of Matter, Shyamlal Charitable Trust, New
Delhi, India.
2. Resnick, R. and Walliday, D. (1966). Physics Part-I. V. R. Darnodaran for Wiley Eastern
Limited, New Delhi, India.
3. Teraja, B. L. (1993). Modern Physics. S. Chand & Co. Ltd New Delhi, India.
Wark, K. (1983). Termodynamics. 4th ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Singapore. Sydney, Tokyo.
Title of the Course: Fundamentals in Computer and IT Sessional
Course No. CSE-1150
2.0 Credit Hours; 04 Contact Hour/Week
1. Introduction: Types of computer, application areas, concept of CPU, keyboard, mouse, floppy disk, hard disk, windows and the like peripheral, working principles of computer systems.
2. Hardware and software: Organization and architecture, motherboard and microprocessor system, memory, and devices, classification of software’s importance, components, basic functions. DOS, WINDOS, UNIX/LINUX etc.
3. File Management and word processing: Concept of file and folder, creation of file, saving of file, deleting file, editing document/ file variable, file copy, file move, layout, formatting, page setup and printing, tables and graphs etc.
4. Spread Sheet Analysis:
Mathematical and Statistical Function: Frequency, standard deviation, variance, mean, median, line, bar, pie graph, correlation, regression, etc., creating and formatting chart, printing sheet, problem solving using formulas, data consolidation.
5. Power point presentation: Preparation of slides, tables, graphs, editing, copying.
6. Database:
i. Concept of Field, Record, Table, Database and Database Management system.
ii. Creating and Adding Information to a Database.
iii. Editing and viewing the Data.
iv. Designing and viewing/Printing Reports.
v. Understanding Sorting and Indexing.
7. Introduction to IT: Computer networking, basic concept of LAN, MAN and WAN;
e-mail and WWW.
8. Maintenance of computer: Power supply, stability, grounding, handling and protection, computer viruses and troubleshooting.
Recommended References:
1. Rajaraman, V. 1999. Fundamentals of Computers, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi-1100001, India.
2. Grey Perry, SAMS Teach Yourself Microsoft Office 2000,Techmedia
3. Montgomery, J. 1995. Troubleshooting Your Multimedia PC. Addison-Wesley-Wesley Publishing Company, NY, Singapore.
4. Norton, P. Introduction to Computers
Title of the Course: Mathematics
Course No. Math-1161
02 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION- A
1. Trigonometry: De Moiver's theorem and its application, Gregories series, summation of series.
2. Vector Analysis: Vector algebra- addition and multiplication of vectors, linear dependence and independence of vectors, dot and cross product of vectors.
3. Matrices: Definition of various type of matrix; addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices; transpose, adjoint and inverse of a matrix; rank and elementary-transformation of a matrix.
SECTION-B
4. Differential Calculus: Function and limit; differential co-e3fficient; maxima and minima.
5. Integral calculus: Integration by-various methods; definite integrals; properties of deffinite integrals.
Recommended References:
1. Das, B. C. and Mukherjee, B. N. (1993). Integral calculus for Degree Course 36th Ed. VN Dhar & Sons (Pvt) Ltd Calcutta, India.
2. Das, B. C. and Mukherjee, B. N. (1993). Differential Calculus for Degree Students. VN Dhar & Sons (Pvt) Ltd Calcutta, India.
3. Khanna, M. L. (1993). Matrices. 12th Ed. Jaiprakash Nath & Co. Meerut India.
4. Satter, S. A. (1992). A Text Book of Higher Trigonometry. 6th Ed. Ali Publications, 38 Bangla Bazar, Dhaka.
Title of the Course: Functional and Communicative English
Course No. Eng-1151
02 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION- A
Group I A. Nouns: Countable and uncountable nouns; noun phrases
B. Pronoun and pronominal adjectives, demonstrative adjective, possessive adjectives, Distributive adjectives, quantitative adjectives, interrogatives.
Group II A. General uses of Modal Auxiliaries including deduction and assumption.
B. Verb Modifiers: Modifier of time, modifier of degree, modifier of frequency. Sentence modifiers.
Group III A. Common sentences pattern.
B. Conditional sentences types and unreal past.
Group IV A. Phrasal verbs.
B. Affixes: (Scientific vocabulary oriented)
SECTION-B
Croup I Reading comprehension to focus on theme/content and grammatical items.
Group II Drafting of essays for various purposes and paragraph writing.
Group III A. Listening comprehension
B. Structural and situational conversation.
Group IV A. Letter writing: Letters of application: Official correspondences and
business letters.
B. Speaking, dialogue writing, group discussion and presentation.
Recommended References:
1. Honorby, A. S.: A guide to Pattern and Usage in English.
2. McCarthy and Dell, O. English Vocabulary in Use.
3. Michael, A. Pyle et al. Cliff's TOEFL Preparation Guide.
4. Murphy, R. (1995). Intermediate English Grammer. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, India.
5. Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary.
6. Thomson, A. J. and Martient; A. V. (1993). A practical English Grammer. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
7. Wren and Martin. (1995). High School Grammer & Composition. S. Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Title of the Course: Sociology and Behavioral Science
Course No. HSS-1113
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION-A
1. Introduction: Definition, nature and fields of sociology; relevance of sociology for the students of biotechnology; influence of geography, heredity and culture on social life.
2. Basis Concepts: Society, community, group (formal and informal), types of groups; association and institution.
3. Culture and Civilization: Definition of culture; theory of cultural lag; distinction between culture and civilization.
4. Social Change: In the context of Biotechnological change- study of the characters of rural society; how it is being affected by technological innovation; improved agricultural practices, population pressure and other perspective of social change particularly in developing countries of the world.
5. Family: Definition, functions and types of family.
6. Social Structure; Transitional social structure in rural and urban areas of developing countries.
7. Migration (rural -urban and urban-rural): Push and pull factors in migration, power structure and social exploitation in the third world countries with reference to Bangladesh.
SECTION-B
8. Social control: Definition, agencies of social control, importance of family as an agency of social control.
9. Social Mobility: Concepts, types and theories of social stratification.
10. Urban Social Problems: Urban crime and juvenile delinquency, unrest, poverty, beggary blighted areas.
11 Approaches to the study of Behavior: Definition, behavior system, basis, development and adaptive ness of behavior, ethology and sociobiology: System of moral principles, rules of behavior.
12. Psychology and Human Behavior: Instincts and learning, behavioral rhythms.
13. Personality and Interpersonal communication: Definition, types, factors of personality development, communication systems in social groups, norms, language, orientation and migration.
Recommended References:
1. Haralambos, M. and R. M. Heald (1997). Sociology: Themes and Pesspctives. Delhi Oxford University Press; Calcuta; Chennai and Mumbai.
2. Khan, R. R. Socilogy of Pakistan. Shirin, Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
3. Maclver, R. M. and C. H. Page (1996). Society: An Introductory Analysis, MacMillary India Limited, Madras, Jaipur Mumbai, patna.
4. Ogbum, W. F., and Nimkoff (1996). A Hand book of Sociology, Routleg\dge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
5. Sharma, R. (1993). Principles of Sociology, Media Promoters and Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 20-G, Sleater Road, Scervai Buiding, B Mumbai-400007, India.
6. Sharma, R. (1994). Social and Cultural Anthropology. Surjeet Publications, 7-K, Kolhapur Road, kamla Nagar, Delhi-110007, India.
7. Turner, J. H. (1986). Sociology: The Science of Human Organization. Nelson-Hald, Chicago, USA.
Title of the Course: Word Processing and Spread Sheet Analysis Sessional
Course No. CSE-1150
1.5 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
1. Introductory: Concept of file, folder, CPU, key board, mouse, floppy disk, hard disk, windows and the like peripherals.
2. File Management: Creation of file, saving of file, deleting file, editing document/file variable, file copy, file move etc.
3. Formatting: Font related, paragraph related, drop case, spelling, change case, function and equation.
4. Tables and Graph: draw table, insert table, split table, merger cell.
5. Mathematical and Statistical Function: Frequency, standard deviation, variance, mean, median, line, bar, pie graph, correlation, regression, etc.
6. Page Setup and Printing: Page set up, layout, print preview, and printing.
7. Creating and Managing Data base.
8. Creating and formatting Charts.
9. Printing sheets.
10. Problem solving using formulas.
11. Data Consolidation.
12. Pivot Table.
13. Goal Seek.
Recommended References:
1. Khan, M. A. R. and H. M. F. Ahmed. Mastering Fecel. R. Mahbub. Microsoft Word.
Title of the Course: Microbiology-I
Course No. BGE-1201
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION-A
1. Historical Development of Microbiology: Discovery of microbial world. Spontaneous generation Versus biogenesis. Germ theory of disease.
2. The Scope of Microbiology: The place of Microorganisms in the living world; major scheme of classification of living organisms by Carolus Linnaeus, Haeckel, Whittaker and Carl Woose. Major areas of microbiology.
3. The Characterization, Classification, and Identification of Microorganisms: Major characteristics of microorganisms. Microbial classification, nomenclature, and identification.
4. The Microscopic Examination of Microorganisms: Microscope and Microscopy. Preparations for light- microscopic examinations.
5. Control of Microorganisms: Fundamentals of control. The control of microorganism by physical and chemical agents.
SECTION-B
6. The viruses: Discovery, general characteristics, morphology, structure and components. Major groups of viruses, nomenclature and classification of viruses. Isolation and identification of viruses, cultivation of animal, and plant viruses, Replication-Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.
7. Structure, Characteristics and Importance of Prions, viroids, spirochaetes, Rickettsiae and Mycoplasma.
8. Architecture of bacterial cells: Morphology, Size, shape, and arrangement of bacterial cells. Structure and chemical composition of flagella, pilli and cell wall.
9. The cultivation of Bacteria: Nutritional requirements and nutritional types of bacteria. Bacteriological media. Physical conditions required for growth.
10. Reproduction, Growth, Maintenance and Preservation of Bacteria: Normal growth cycle (growth curve) of bacteria. Quantitative measurement of bacterial growth; direct microscopic count, the plate count method, membranes-filter count. Methods of maintenance and preservation of bacteria: periodic transfer, Overlaying with mineral oil, freeze-drying (lyophilization) and storage at low temperature.
Recommended References:
1. Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S and Kreig, N. R. (1993). Microbiology. McGraw Hill Inc. USA.
2. Tortora, G. J.; Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. (1982). Microbiology: An Introduction.
3. Stainer, R. Y.; Adelberg and Ingraham, I. J. General Microbiology. MaCmillan USA.
4. Jawetz, E. J.; Melnick, J.L. and Adelberg, E. (1991). Medical Microbiology.
5. Chowdhury, R. (1990). Modern Medical Microbiology. Bishaw Parichay, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Title of the Course: Microbiology-I Sessional and Field Work
Course No. BGE-1202
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Isolation of bacteria from different sources.
2. Microscopic examination of bacteria; wet mount preparation, hanging drop technique, simple staining, gram staining, and acid fast staining.
3. Susceptibility of microbes against antibiotic; antibacterial drug and natural compound.
4. Determination of minimum inhibition concentration of antibiotic (MIC) against isolated bacteria.
5. Measurement of bacterial growth by turbid metric and plate count methods.
Recommended References:
1. Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S and Kreig, N. R. (1993). Microbiology. McGraw Hill Inc. USA.
2. Tortora, G. J.; Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. (1982). Microbiology: An Introduction.
3. Stainer, R. Y.; Adelberg and Ingraham, I. J. General Microbiology. MaCmillan USA.
4. Jawetz, E. J.; Melnick, J.L. and Adelberg, E. (1991). Medical Microbiology.
5. Chowdhury, R. (1990). Modern Medical Microbiology. Bishaw Parichay, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Title of the Course: Cytology
Course No. BGE-1203
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION - A
1. Introduction: historical perspective of major discoveries. Definition of cell and protoplasm theories.
2. Cell Type: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. Differences between the two types of organism with examples from each.
3. Cell Division A: Introduction to mitosis and mitosis and meiosis. The important differences between the two processes. Abnormalities in mytosis and meiosis. Causes & its significance.
4. Cell Division B: The phases of the cell cycle, cell cycle check point: types & its significance and cell death. Mechanism of cell division. Cell signaling; Nuclear organization, chromosome replication and cell separation.
5. Cell Structure: Introduction to typical eukaryotic cell. Description and labeled diagram of cellular structure.
6. Techniques in Cell biology: Cytological study of living and dead cells. Cell fractionation.
SECTION- B
7. Cellular Organelles: Description of the structure and function of the major cellular organelles and cytoplasmic inclusions of the eukaryotic cell. Including: Biological membrane: Components, structure and its role, plasma membrane, cell wall composition & structure; nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum: smooth/agranular and rough/granular. Golgi apparatus, mitochoadria and choloroplast. Ribosomes, lysosomes, Cytoskeletal structures; microfilaments, microtibules, nuclear proteins, chromosome folding.
8. Chromosomes: Morphological structure & architecture and chemical organization of eukaryotic chromosomes and their nomenclature, prokaryotic chromosomes and their characteristics, allocycle and heteropycnosis. Special type of chromosomes: polytene, lambrush, sex, isochromosomes and diplochromosomes. Primary effect of different types of physical and chemical agents of chromosome morphology.
9. Karyotype: Definition, characteristics, constancy and variation and significance.
Recommended References:
1. DeRobertis. E. D. P. and Derobertis. Jr. E. M. F. (1989). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition. Info. Med. Ltd. Hong Kong.
2. Lchninger. A. L; Nelson D. L; Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.
3. Smith and Wood (1996). Cell Biology, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall Co. Ltd. Uk.
4. Thain. M., and Hichman. M. The Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 9th Edition. Penguin Pub.
Title of the Course: Cytology Sessional
Course No. BGE-1204
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Cytological and cytochemical techniques.
2. Introduction to the microscope. Use and care of the microscope and its development.
3. Different types of microscope available and the various types of microscopy that may be used in cytology. How each type of microscope may be utilized?
4. Preparation of tissue for microscopy. The sequential steps necessary for routine tissue preparation prior to light microscopy and electron microscopy. Variation that may be encountered in tissue preparation when using specialized techniques. Stationing for light and electron microscopy.
5. Study of different stages of mitosis and meiosis.
Recommended References:
1. DeRobertis. E. D. P. and Derobertis. Jr. E. M. F. (1989). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition. Info. Med. Ltd. Hong Kong.
2. Lchninger. A. L; Nelson D. L; Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.
3. Smith and Wood (1996). Cell Biology, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall Co. Ltd. UK.
4. Thain. M., and Hichman. M. The Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 9th Edition. Penguin Pub.
Title of the Course: Principles of Genetics
Course No. BGE-1205
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION-A
1. Introduction: Definition, scope and brances of genetics: Importance of genetics in human society: Historical theories of the origin of life and heredity, Heredity and its physical basis: Chromosome theory of heredity, Criteria of genetic mateiral, transformation experiment, chemical nature of genetic material, Brief account of the structure and function of gene. The evaluation of science of genetics leading to the modern biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.
2. Variation: Concept, type and significance of variation in biological world Natural sources of variation Causes of genetic variation in asexually reproducing organism (Bacteria, fungi,); Sexual reproductive cycle (Gametogenesis) of viruses, bacteria, yeast, com, Drosophila and mammals.
3. Mendelism: History and Medel experiments with pea plants. Mendelian Principles I & II, the physical basis of law of segregation and law of random assortment. Mendelian heredity in human and animal. Some important genetical terms.
4. Beyond the Medelian Genetics: Introduction of genes: Types of interactions and discussion of different kinds of allelic and non-allelic interactions of genes. Modifiers, expressivity, heterosis, transgressive segregation. Multipple factors, xenia, multiple allelism and cytoplasmic inheritance. Linkage: Definition, types and importance of linkage. History and different hypothese of linkage Detection of linkage. Inheretance pattern of linked genes.
SECTION-B
5. Crossing over: Definition, types and importance of crossing over. Genetical consequences of crossing over. Theories on the mechanisms of crossing over. Generalized mechanism of crossing over. Factors affecting recombination frequencies.
6. Genetical and cytological mapping of chromosomes: Concepts, methods of determining cytological and genetical mapping.
7. Sex chromosomes and sex determination: Discovery of sex chromosomes, different mechanism of sex determination, Manipulation of sex of plants, animals and fishes and its implications.
8. Chromosomal Abberations: Types of structural and numerical changes of chromosomes and mechanisms Genetical consequences of changing chromosome structure and number.
9. Gene Mutation: Definition, types of mutagen and mutation, causes & effects of gene mutation and mechanisms.
Recommended References:
1. Islam, A. S (1973). Fundamentals of Genetics, Humaira Islam, Dhaka.
2. Reddi, O. S (1991). Understanding Genetics. Allied publisher Ltd. New Delhi Calcutta, India.
3. Sinnot, E. W.; Dunahu, L. C. and Debzhansky. (1958). Principle of Genetic. Magraw Hill Pvt. Ltd.
4. Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Genetics 3rd ed. Prentice Hall Inc. USA.
5. Lewin. B (1994). Gene V. Oxford University Press, USA, International Student Edition.
6. Suzuki, et al., (1995). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis.
Title of the Course: Principles of Genetics Sessional and Field Work
Course No. BGE-1206
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Working out the problems on Mendelian inheritance pattern.
2. Working out the problems on modified Mendelian inheritance ratios.
3. Working out the problems on two and three point testcross for linkage and crossing over.
4. Working out the problems on linked genes and blood group inheritance.
5. Study of inheritance pattern of some simple and linked inherited characters of human in population.
Recommended References:
1. Islam, A. S (1973). Fundamentals of Genetics, Humaira Islam, Dhaka.
2. Reddi, O. S (1991). Understanding Genetics. Allied publisher Ltd. New Delhi Calcutta, India.
3. Sinnot, E. W.; Dunahu, L. C. and Debzhansky. (1958). Principle of Genetic. Magraw Hill Pvt. Ltd.
4. Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Genetics 3rd ed. Prentice Hall Inc. USA.
5. Lewin. B (1994). Gene V. Oxford University Press, USA, International Student Edition.
6. Suzuki, et al., (1995). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis.
Title of the Course: Biomolecules
Course No. BGE-1207
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION-A
1. Introduction: Basic concepts of Biomolecules.
2. Stereoisomerism: Introduction, enantiomers, chiral centre, configuration, specification of configuration: R and S, Diastereomers, Meso compound, Con formational isomers.
3. Carbohydrates: Nomenclature, classification, optical properties, structures and general reactions, mono, and polysaccharides, aminosugars and other important saccharides. Sources and biological functions of major carbohydrates.
4. Lipids; Nomenclature, classification and general reactions of fats, fatty acids and sterols; structure and biological functions of acylglycerols, wax, phospholipids, terpenes, steroids and eicosanoids.
SECTION-B
5. Amino acids and peptides: Structural features, optical activity and classification of amino acids, ionization of amino acids in solutions, titration curve of amino acids, isoelectric properties, and general reactions of amino acids. Peptides of biological interest.
6. Proteins: General introduction; classification based on shape, structure and biological function; sequence determination of protein; prelimenary concept on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins; fibrous proteins: α and β-keratins. Globuler proteins: structure of myoglobin, oligomeric proteins and quaternary structure of haemoglobin, oxygen binding curve of haemoglobin and myoglobin.
7. Nucleotides and nucleic acids: Occurrence, structure and physico-chemical properties.
Recommended References:
1. Lehninger. A. L; Nelson D. L. Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
2. Lehninger, Albert L.; (1993). Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Worth publishers, New York, N. Y. 10016.
3. Bahl, B. S.; Bahl, Arun, (1997). Textbook of Organic Chemistry; S. Chand & Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi-11005
4. Morrison, R. Thornton, Boyd, R, Neilson, (1997). Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, Prentice-hall of India private Ltd.; New Delhi-110001.
5. Lubert Stryer; Biochemistry.
Title of the Course: Biomolecules Sessional
Course No. BGE-1208
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Preparation of Buffer solution.
2. Color tests for Carbohydrates: (i) Molisch's test (ii) Benedict test.
3. Color tests for protein and amino acids: (i) Ninhydrin test (ii) Biuret test for peptide bond.
4. Estimation of sugar content of blood by Nelson Somogy method.
5. Determination of protein content of blood by Biuret method and calculation of A/C ratio.
6. Determination of saponification number of oil.
7. Determination of iodine number of lipid.
8. Paper, thin layer and ion-exchange chromatography.
Recommended References:
1. Lehninger. A. L; Nelson D. L. Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
2. Lehninger, Albert L.; (1993). Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Worth publishers, New York, N. Y. 10016.
3. Bahl, B. S.; Bahl, Arun, (1997). Textbook of Organic Chemistry; S. Chand & Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi-11005
4. Morrison, R. Thornton, Boyd, R, Neilson, (1997). Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, Prentice-hall of India private Ltd.; New Delhi-110001.
5. Lubert Stryer; Biochemistry.
Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry and Spectroscopy
Course No. Chem-1263
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION-A
1. Structure and properties of organic molecules: Chemical bonding and structural theory, concept of hybridization; hybrid orbitals, intramolecular force, polarity of bonds and molecules, intermolecular force, boiling point and melting point, solubility, acidic and basic properties.
2. Characteristic chemical reactions with particular reference to the function groups: Free radical reaction, nucleophilic substitution reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction, elimination reactions, electrophilic substitution reactions and electrophilic addition reactions.
3. Role of solvent and secondary bonding, solubility; non-ionic and ionic, the SN1 and SN2
reactions; role of solvent, Solvolysis, medium; a message, concept of conjugation and resonance.
4. Some important organic reactions: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and acylation, aldol condensation reactions, Reimer-Tiemann reactions, Kolbe reaction.
SECTION-B
5. Determination of structure: Spectroscopic methods, electromagnetic specturm, absorption of electromagnetic radiation by organic molecules, aspectrophotometer- an absorption spectrum.
2. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy: Electronic transitions definition of some terms and designation of UV absorption bands, general applications of Ultraviolet spectroscopy.
3. Infrared spectroscopy: Absorption in the Infrared region, molecular vibrations and calculation of vibrational frequencies, Interpretation of Infrared spectra-characterization of functional groups, application of infrared spectra.
4. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): Theory of NMR spectroscopy, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, coupling constant, carbon-13 NMR (CMR) spectroscopy, application of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy.
Recommended References:
1. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A. (1983). Advanced Organic Chemistry. 12th revised edition, S. Chand and Company Ltd, Ramnagar, New Delhi, India.
2. Brown, T. L; Le May, Jr. H. E and Bursten B. E. (1977). Chemistry the Central Science, 5yh edition, Precite Hall, Englewood Cliffes.
3. Delgado, J.N. and Remors, W. A. (1991). Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; 9th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company.
4. Finar. I. L. (1990). Organic Chemistry, Vol-I and II; 6th edition, English Language Book Society (ELBS), Longman, Sydney.
5. Kalsi, P.S. 1996. Spectroscopy. New Age International Ltd. Pub. New Delhi, India
6. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N. (1992). Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. India.
7. Raymond, C. (1981). Chemistry, 5th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.
8. Streitwieser, J. A; Healthcock, I.C.H. (1981). Introduction to Organic chemistry, Second edition Memillan Publishing Co, New York.
9. Tewari, K. S. Mehrotra, S. N. Vishnoi, N. K. (1994). A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Title of the Course: Organic Chemistry and Spectroscopy Sessional
Course No. Chem-1264
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Experimental techniques
2. Investigation and characterization of organic compounds;
a) Preliminary examinations
b) The study of solubility behavior
c) Detection of elements present
d) Functional group identification
3. Spectroscopic study of organic compounds.
4. Separation of mixture of organic compounds; chromatographic technique.
Recommended References:
1. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A. (1983). Advanced Organic Chemistry. 12th revised edition, S. Chand and Company Ltd, Ramnagar, New Delhi, India.
2. Brown, T. L; Le May, Jr. H. E and Bursten B. E. (1977). Chemistry the Central Science, 5yh edition, Precite Hall, Englewood Cliffes.
3. Delgado, J.N. and Remors, W. A. (1991). Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; 9th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company.
4. Finar. I. L. (1990). Organic Chemistry, Vol-I and II; 6th edition, English Language Book Society (ELBS), Longman, Sydney.
5. Kalsi, P.S. 1996. Spectroscopy. New Age International Ltd. Pub. New Delhi, India
6. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N. (1992). Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. India.
7. Raymond, C. (1981). Chemistry, 5th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.
8. Streitwieser, J. A; Healthcock, I.C.H. (1981). Introduction to Organic chemistry, Second edition Memillan Publishing Co, New York.
9. Tewari, K. S. Mehrotra, S. N. Vishnoi, N. K. (1994). A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Title of the Course: Evolutionary and Functional Zoology
Course No. BGE-1209
03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week
SECTION-A
1. Introduction: Definition, importance.
2. Evolution: Theories and their criticism; evidences with example; and factors.
3. Ecology: Definition; types and fields; importance; habitat; community; and ecological factors.
4. Ecosystem: Definition; Structure and functioning; types; energy flow; food chains and webs.
5. Reproduction: Definition, types and description of reproduction of Annelids, Molluscas, Chordates and Arthropods with their advantages and disadvantages.
SECTION-B
6. Study of the following with special reference to biotechnological significance. i) Protozoa; ii) Annelida; iii) Mollusca; iv) Chordata v) Arthropoda- introduction; brief classification; role of insects, spiders and mites; concept of insect pests, pesticides; pest control strategies with comparative merits and demerits; definition of bio-agents: predator. Parasitoid and vector; criteria for good bio-agents; predaceous, parasitic and disease transmitting insects and spiders; means and ways of utilizing biological genets in biological control of pests; conservation and augmentation of bio-agents.
7. Diseases of Annelids, Molluscas, Chordates and Arthropods: Definition, classification; of diseases, factors of diseases; utilization of bio-agents or their products in disease control.
Recommended References:
1. Bhamrah, H. S. and K. Junijea. (1993). Cytology and Evolution. Animal publications Pvt. Ltd. India.
2. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1991). Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Compary Ltd. India.
3. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1989). Cytogenetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding. S. Chand and company Ltd. India.
4. Barringtion. E. J. W. (1979). Invertebrate structure and function. ELBS.
5. Bhuiyan , A. H. and R. W. Timn (1974). A Textbook of Biology. Mullick Brother, Dhaka. Bangladesh.
6. Jardan, E. I. and P. S. Verma (1978). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Ramgar, Delhi.
7. Parker, T. J. and W. A. Haswell (1990). A Textbook of Zoology (vol. I & II). Low Price Publication, India.
8. Storer, T. I. (1957). General Zoology. Tata Mcgraq Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. India.
9. Sharam. P. D. (1996). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications.
10. Comstock, J. H. (1957). An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Public. Co. Ithaca. NY.
Title of the Course: Evolutionary and Functional Zoology Sessional and Field Work
Course No. BGE-1210
01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week
1. Study of the characters and classification of the important representative of different groups of animals; beneficial and harmful Arthropods of major groups.
2. Dissection of the followings: Cockroach/grasshopper-digestive, nervous, reproductive systems, mouthparts; palaemon-digestive and nervous systems.
3. Care and maintenance of bee hive, silk worms and lac insects.
4. Collection and preservation of different kinds of animals.
Recommended References:
1. Bhamrah, H. S. and K. Junjea. (1993). Cytology and Evolution. Animal publications Pvt. Ltd. India.
2. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1991). Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Company Ltd. India.
3. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1989). Cytogenetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding. S. Chand and company Ltd. India.
4. Barringtion. E. J. W. (1979). Invertebrate structure and function. ELBS.
5. Bhuiyan , A. H. and R. W. Timn (1974). A Textbook of Biology. Mullick Brother, Dhaka. Bangladesh.
6. Jardan, E. I. and P. S. Verma (1978). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Ramgar, Delhi.
7. Parker, T. J. and W. A. Haswell (1990). A Textbook of Zoology (vol. I & II). Low Price Publication, India.
8. Storer, T. I. (1957). General Zoology. Tata Mcgraq Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. India.
9. Sharam. P. D. (1996). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications.
10. Comstock, J. H. (1957). An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Public. Co. Ithaca. NY.
০৭ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১০
০৬ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১০
Biography of Norman Ernest Barlaug
Biography
A central figure in the "green revolution", Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914- ) was born on a farm near Cresco, Iowa, to Henry and Clara Borlaug. For the past twenty-seven years he has collaborated with Mexican scientists on problems of wheat improvement; for the last ten or so of those years he has also collaborated with scientists from other parts of the world, especially from India and Pakistan, in adapting the new wheats to new lands and in gaining acceptance for their production. An eclectic, pragmatic, goal-oriented scientist, he accepts and discards methods or results in a constant search for more fruitful and effective ones, while at the same time avoiding the pursuit of what he calls "academic butterflies". A vigorous man who can perform prodigies of manual labor in the fields, he brings to his work the body and competitive spirit of the trained athlete, which indeed he was in his high school and college days.
After completing his primary and secondary education in Cresco, Borlaug enrolled in the University of Minnesota where he studied forestry. Immediately before and immediately after receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1937, he worked for the U.S. Forestry Service at stations in Massachusetts and Idaho. Returning to the University of Minnesota to study plant pathology, he received the master's degree in 1939 and the doctorate in 1942.
From 1942 to 1944, he was a microbiologist on the staff of the du Pont de Nemours Foundation where he was in charge of research on industrial and agricultural bactericides, fungicides, and preservatives.
In 1944 he accepted an appointment as geneticist and plant pathologist assigned the task of organizing and directing the Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico. This program, a joint undertaking by the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation, involved scientific research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology, agronomy, soil science, and cereal technology. Within twenty years he was spectacularly successful in finding a high-yielding short-strawed, disease-resistant wheat.
To his scientific goal he soon added that of the practical humanitarian: arranging to put the new cereal strains into extensive production in order to feed the hungry people of the world - and thus providing, as he says, "a temporary success in man's war against hunger and deprivation," a breathing space in which to deal with the "Population Monster" and the subsequent environmental and social ills that too often lead to conflict between men and between nations. Statistics on the vast acreage planted with the new wheat and on the revolutionary yields harvested in Mexico, India, and Pakistan are given in the presentation speech by Mrs. Lionaes and in the Nobel lecture by Dr. Borlaug. Well advanced, also, is the use of the new wheat in six Latin American countries, six in the Near and Middle East, several in Africa.
When the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations in cooperation with the Mexican government established the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), an autonomous international research training institute having an international board of trustees and staff, Dr. Borlaug was made director of its International Wheat Improvement Program. In this capacity he has been able to realize more fully a third objective, that of training young scientists in research and production methods. From his earliest days in Mexico he has, to be sure, carried on an intern program, but with the establishment of the Center, he has been able to reach out internationally. In the last seven years some 1940 young scientists from sixteen or so countries (the figures constantly move upward) have studied and worked at the Center.
Dr. Borlaug is presently participating in extensive experimentation with triticale, a man-made species of grain derived from a cross between wheat rye that shows promise of being superior to either wheat or rye in productivity and nutritional quality.
In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, Dr. Borlaug has received extensive recognition from universities and organizations in six countries: Canada, India, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, the United States. In 1968 he received an especially satisfying tribute when the people of Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, in whose area he did some of his first experimenting, named a street in his honor.
Borlaug for the first time proved that integrated research in agriculture could help increase the food grain production of a country several folds. Apart from his scientific devotion he was very kind to poor hungry people. He believed in the concept that food is the primary need of human being and it is every body's right to get sufficient food. Just after his success in Mexico he paid his attention to the food problem of third world countries. He became busy in spreading his experimental results and revolutionary agricultural concept in such countries.
In the beginning of 1960 when India was facing food problem, on Dr. M. Swaminathan's advice Indian government invited Dr. Borlaug. During his visit Dr. Borlaug gave some seeds of his semi-dwarf wheat variety and recommended to grow it under improved management system. He also suggested to improve the agricultural infrastructure of the country. Following Borlaug's suggestions Indian agriculture improved and within 1974 India became self sufficient in food grain production and soon after became an exporting country. Borlaug's collaboration with Pakistan helped to increase her wheat production 2-3 times and in this way many countries took part in Green Revolution.
Rockefeller Foundation realized the significance of Borlaug's research and in 1959 Borlaug's working institute turned into an international institute, which in 1963 became International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT). Realizing the success of Dr. Borlaug and his team Rockefeller Foundation in collaboration with Philippines Government built up another international institute (IRRI)= International Rice Research Institute) for improvement of another important food crop, rice. Dr. Borlaug helped in outlining the different improvement programmes of this research institute. Following the similar procedure a high yielding dwarf rice variety, IR 8 was developed from a cross between Indonesian, Dee-geo-woo-gen and Chinese, Peta varieties. This newly developed variety out-yielded the traditional varieties by 2-3 folds under high irrigation and fertilizer condition. This rice variety was introduced to different countries including Bangladesh and rice production in these countries increased 2-3 folds on an average.
Green Revolution saved millions of hungry people worldwide providing food grains. It was estimated that Borlaug's discoveries saved over 245 million lives worldwide. In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, he was honoured with President Medal of Freedom and Congressional Gold Medal. Until his death he was associated with agricultural research particularly with extensive experimentation with triticale, a man-made species of grain derived from a cross between wheat and rye that shows promise of being superior to either wheat or rye in production and quality.
Dr Borlaug received extensive recognition from universities and organisations in six countries: Canada, India, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, the United States. In 1968 he received an especially satisfying tribute when the people of Ciudad Obregon, Sonora of Mexico, where he did some of his first experiments, named a street in his honour. Remembering his contribution to Indian agriculture the Indian government honored Dr Borlaug with Padma Bhusan.
However, critics put some questions in front of him particularly those related to the erosion of biodiversity, bad effects of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. But Borlaug said at that time there was no other alternative to save millions of hungry people from shortage of food grain. He shattered Malthusian theory that relates to imbalance between population growth and food production. He of course always gave importance to population control plans.
Bangladesh is an agricultural country. Dr Borlaug's contribution to our agricultural development not too meagre.
We are also the beneficiary of Green Revolution. Today we are using high yielding wheat and rice varieties. Our cereal grain production now is 2-3 times higher than that of 1971. So let us also pay tribute to this great humanitarian agricultural scientist.
Selected Bibliography
Borlaug, Norman E., "The Impact of Agricultural Research on Mexican Wheat Production", Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, 20 (1958) 278-295.
Borlaug, Norman E., "Mexican Wheat Production and Its Role in the Epidemiology of Stem Rust in North America", Phytopathology, 44 (1954) 398-404.
Borlaug, Norman E., Wheat Breeding and Its Impact on World Food Supply. Public lecture at the Third International Wheat Genetics Symposium, August 5-9, 1968. Canberra, Australia, Australian Academy of Science, 1968.
Borlaug, Norman E., "Wheat, Rust, and People", Phytopathology, 55 (1965) 1088-1098.
Borlaug, Norman E., and others, "A Green Revolution Yields a Golden Harvest", Columbia Journal of World Business, 4 (September-October, 1969) 9-19.
Brown, Lester R., "The Agricultural Revolution in Asia", Foreign Affairs, 46 (July, 1968) 688 - 698.
Brown, Lester R., Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's. New York, Praeger, 1970. Contains a bibliography.
Freeman, Orville, World without Hunger. New York, Praeger, 1968.
The Green Revolution: A Symposium on Science and Foreign Policy. Proceedings before the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 91st Congress, First Session, December 5, 1969 (#38-612) J. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Hardin, Clifford M., ed., Overcoming World Hunger. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1969.
Johnson, David Gale, The Struggle against World Hunger. New York, Foreign Policy Association, 1967.
Ladejinsky, Wolf, "Ironies of India's Green Revolution", Foreign Affairs, 48 (July, 1970) 758-768.
Myrdal, Gunnar, The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline, chap. 4, "Agriculture " pp. 78-138. New York, Pantheon Books, 1970.
Paarlberg, Don, Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter. Foreign Economic Development Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, cooperating with the U.S. Agency for International Development (PA 969). Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
"Statement to the Press" from Dr. J. George Harrar, President of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York, The Rockefeller Foundation, October 21, 1970.
"U.S. Agronomist Gets Nobel Peace Prize", the New York Times (October 22, 1970) 1.
Wharton, Clifton R., Jr.,"The Green Revolution: Cornucopia or Pandora's Box", Foreign Affairs, 47 (April, 1969) 464-476.
From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1951-1970, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Norman Borlaug died on 12 September, 2009.
The ticking clock
Genetic engineering of plants greatly excited him. The risks, he said, were rubbish, unproven by science, while the potential benefits were endless. The transfer of useful characteristics might now take weeks, rather than decades. More lives would be saved. The gene for rust-resistance in rice, for example, might be put into all other cereals. He hoped he might live to see it.
Meanwhile what he called the “Population Monster” was breathing down his neck, or rather ticking, like Captain Hook’s crocodile. Every second brought two more people, crying to be fed. By 2050, he wrote in 2005, the world would need to double its food supply. Some 800m were malnourished as it was. Mr Borlaug loved to talk of reaching for the stars, but his day-to-day motto was an earthly one. Get the plough. Start growing now.
Nobel Peace Prize
For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 am, but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Mexico City. A chauffeur took her to the fields to inform her husband. According to his daughter, Jeanie Laube, "My mom said, 'You won the Nobel Peace Prize,' and he said, 'No, I haven't', ... It took some convincing ... He thought the whole thing was a hoax".[10] He was awarded the prize on December 10. In his Nobel Lecture the following day, he speculated on his award: "When the Nobel Peace Prize Committee designated me the recipient of the 1970 award for my contribution to the 'green revolution', they were in effect, I believe, selecting an individual to symbolize the vital role of agriculture and food production in a world that is hungry, both for bread and for peace".[23]
[edit] Borlaug hypothesis
Borlaug continually advocated increasing crop yields as a means to curb deforestation. The large role he played in both increasing crop yields and promoting this view has led to this methodology being called by agricultural economists the "Borlaug hypothesis", namely that increasing the productivity of agriculture on the best farmland can help control deforestation by reducing the demand for new farmland. According to this view, assuming that global food demand is on the rise, restricting crop usage to traditional low-yield methods would also require at least one of the following: the world population to decrease, either voluntarily or as a result of mass starvations; or the conversion of forest land into crop land. It is thus argued that high-yield techniques are ultimately saving ecosystems from destruction. On a global scale, this view holds strictly true ceteris paribus, if all land either consists of forests or is used for agriculture. But other land uses exist, such as urban areas, pasture, or fallow, so further research is necessary to ascertain what land has been converted for what purposes, in order to determine how true this view remains. Increased profits from high-yield production may also induce cropland expansion in any case, although as world food needs decrease, this expansion may decrease as well.[24]
[edit] Criticisms and his view of critics
Borlaug's name is nearly synonymous with the Green Revolution, against which many criticisms have been mounted over the decades by environmentalists, nutritionists, progressives, and economists. Throughout his years of research, Borlaug's programs often faced opposition by people who consider genetic crossbreeding to be unnatural or to have negative effects.[25] Borlaug's work has been criticized for bringing large-scale monoculture, input-intensive farming techniques to countries that had previously relied on subsistence farming.[26] These farming techniques reap large profits for U.S. agribusiness and agrochemical corporations such as Monsanto Company and have been criticized for widening social inequality in the countries owing to uneven food distribution while forcing a capitalist agenda of U.S. corporations onto countries that had undergone land reform.[27]
Other concerns of his critics and critics of biotechnology in general include: that the construction of roads in populated third-world areas could lead to the destruction of wilderness; the crossing of genetic barriers; the inability of crops to fulfill all nutritional requirements; the decreased biodiversity from planting a small number of varieties; the environmental and economic effects of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides; the amount of herbicide sprayed on fields of herbicide-resistant crops.[28]
Borlaug dismissed most claims of critics, but did take certain concerns seriously. He stated that his work has been "a change in the right direction, but it has not transformed the world into a Utopia".[29] Of environmental lobbyists he stated, "some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things".[30]
A central figure in the "green revolution", Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914- ) was born on a farm near Cresco, Iowa, to Henry and Clara Borlaug. For the past twenty-seven years he has collaborated with Mexican scientists on problems of wheat improvement; for the last ten or so of those years he has also collaborated with scientists from other parts of the world, especially from India and Pakistan, in adapting the new wheats to new lands and in gaining acceptance for their production. An eclectic, pragmatic, goal-oriented scientist, he accepts and discards methods or results in a constant search for more fruitful and effective ones, while at the same time avoiding the pursuit of what he calls "academic butterflies". A vigorous man who can perform prodigies of manual labor in the fields, he brings to his work the body and competitive spirit of the trained athlete, which indeed he was in his high school and college days.
After completing his primary and secondary education in Cresco, Borlaug enrolled in the University of Minnesota where he studied forestry. Immediately before and immediately after receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1937, he worked for the U.S. Forestry Service at stations in Massachusetts and Idaho. Returning to the University of Minnesota to study plant pathology, he received the master's degree in 1939 and the doctorate in 1942.
From 1942 to 1944, he was a microbiologist on the staff of the du Pont de Nemours Foundation where he was in charge of research on industrial and agricultural bactericides, fungicides, and preservatives.
In 1944 he accepted an appointment as geneticist and plant pathologist assigned the task of organizing and directing the Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico. This program, a joint undertaking by the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation, involved scientific research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology, agronomy, soil science, and cereal technology. Within twenty years he was spectacularly successful in finding a high-yielding short-strawed, disease-resistant wheat.
To his scientific goal he soon added that of the practical humanitarian: arranging to put the new cereal strains into extensive production in order to feed the hungry people of the world - and thus providing, as he says, "a temporary success in man's war against hunger and deprivation," a breathing space in which to deal with the "Population Monster" and the subsequent environmental and social ills that too often lead to conflict between men and between nations. Statistics on the vast acreage planted with the new wheat and on the revolutionary yields harvested in Mexico, India, and Pakistan are given in the presentation speech by Mrs. Lionaes and in the Nobel lecture by Dr. Borlaug. Well advanced, also, is the use of the new wheat in six Latin American countries, six in the Near and Middle East, several in Africa.
When the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations in cooperation with the Mexican government established the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), an autonomous international research training institute having an international board of trustees and staff, Dr. Borlaug was made director of its International Wheat Improvement Program. In this capacity he has been able to realize more fully a third objective, that of training young scientists in research and production methods. From his earliest days in Mexico he has, to be sure, carried on an intern program, but with the establishment of the Center, he has been able to reach out internationally. In the last seven years some 1940 young scientists from sixteen or so countries (the figures constantly move upward) have studied and worked at the Center.
Dr. Borlaug is presently participating in extensive experimentation with triticale, a man-made species of grain derived from a cross between wheat rye that shows promise of being superior to either wheat or rye in productivity and nutritional quality.
In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, Dr. Borlaug has received extensive recognition from universities and organizations in six countries: Canada, India, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, the United States. In 1968 he received an especially satisfying tribute when the people of Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, in whose area he did some of his first experimenting, named a street in his honor.
Borlaug for the first time proved that integrated research in agriculture could help increase the food grain production of a country several folds. Apart from his scientific devotion he was very kind to poor hungry people. He believed in the concept that food is the primary need of human being and it is every body's right to get sufficient food. Just after his success in Mexico he paid his attention to the food problem of third world countries. He became busy in spreading his experimental results and revolutionary agricultural concept in such countries.
In the beginning of 1960 when India was facing food problem, on Dr. M. Swaminathan's advice Indian government invited Dr. Borlaug. During his visit Dr. Borlaug gave some seeds of his semi-dwarf wheat variety and recommended to grow it under improved management system. He also suggested to improve the agricultural infrastructure of the country. Following Borlaug's suggestions Indian agriculture improved and within 1974 India became self sufficient in food grain production and soon after became an exporting country. Borlaug's collaboration with Pakistan helped to increase her wheat production 2-3 times and in this way many countries took part in Green Revolution.
Rockefeller Foundation realized the significance of Borlaug's research and in 1959 Borlaug's working institute turned into an international institute, which in 1963 became International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT). Realizing the success of Dr. Borlaug and his team Rockefeller Foundation in collaboration with Philippines Government built up another international institute (IRRI)= International Rice Research Institute) for improvement of another important food crop, rice. Dr. Borlaug helped in outlining the different improvement programmes of this research institute. Following the similar procedure a high yielding dwarf rice variety, IR 8 was developed from a cross between Indonesian, Dee-geo-woo-gen and Chinese, Peta varieties. This newly developed variety out-yielded the traditional varieties by 2-3 folds under high irrigation and fertilizer condition. This rice variety was introduced to different countries including Bangladesh and rice production in these countries increased 2-3 folds on an average.
Green Revolution saved millions of hungry people worldwide providing food grains. It was estimated that Borlaug's discoveries saved over 245 million lives worldwide. In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, he was honoured with President Medal of Freedom and Congressional Gold Medal. Until his death he was associated with agricultural research particularly with extensive experimentation with triticale, a man-made species of grain derived from a cross between wheat and rye that shows promise of being superior to either wheat or rye in production and quality.
Dr Borlaug received extensive recognition from universities and organisations in six countries: Canada, India, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, the United States. In 1968 he received an especially satisfying tribute when the people of Ciudad Obregon, Sonora of Mexico, where he did some of his first experiments, named a street in his honour. Remembering his contribution to Indian agriculture the Indian government honored Dr Borlaug with Padma Bhusan.
However, critics put some questions in front of him particularly those related to the erosion of biodiversity, bad effects of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. But Borlaug said at that time there was no other alternative to save millions of hungry people from shortage of food grain. He shattered Malthusian theory that relates to imbalance between population growth and food production. He of course always gave importance to population control plans.
Bangladesh is an agricultural country. Dr Borlaug's contribution to our agricultural development not too meagre.
We are also the beneficiary of Green Revolution. Today we are using high yielding wheat and rice varieties. Our cereal grain production now is 2-3 times higher than that of 1971. So let us also pay tribute to this great humanitarian agricultural scientist.
Selected Bibliography
Borlaug, Norman E., "The Impact of Agricultural Research on Mexican Wheat Production", Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, 20 (1958) 278-295.
Borlaug, Norman E., "Mexican Wheat Production and Its Role in the Epidemiology of Stem Rust in North America", Phytopathology, 44 (1954) 398-404.
Borlaug, Norman E., Wheat Breeding and Its Impact on World Food Supply. Public lecture at the Third International Wheat Genetics Symposium, August 5-9, 1968. Canberra, Australia, Australian Academy of Science, 1968.
Borlaug, Norman E., "Wheat, Rust, and People", Phytopathology, 55 (1965) 1088-1098.
Borlaug, Norman E., and others, "A Green Revolution Yields a Golden Harvest", Columbia Journal of World Business, 4 (September-October, 1969) 9-19.
Brown, Lester R., "The Agricultural Revolution in Asia", Foreign Affairs, 46 (July, 1968) 688 - 698.
Brown, Lester R., Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's. New York, Praeger, 1970. Contains a bibliography.
Freeman, Orville, World without Hunger. New York, Praeger, 1968.
The Green Revolution: A Symposium on Science and Foreign Policy. Proceedings before the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 91st Congress, First Session, December 5, 1969 (#38-612) J. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Hardin, Clifford M., ed., Overcoming World Hunger. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1969.
Johnson, David Gale, The Struggle against World Hunger. New York, Foreign Policy Association, 1967.
Ladejinsky, Wolf, "Ironies of India's Green Revolution", Foreign Affairs, 48 (July, 1970) 758-768.
Myrdal, Gunnar, The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline, chap. 4, "Agriculture " pp. 78-138. New York, Pantheon Books, 1970.
Paarlberg, Don, Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter. Foreign Economic Development Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, cooperating with the U.S. Agency for International Development (PA 969). Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
"Statement to the Press" from Dr. J. George Harrar, President of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York, The Rockefeller Foundation, October 21, 1970.
"U.S. Agronomist Gets Nobel Peace Prize", the New York Times (October 22, 1970) 1.
Wharton, Clifton R., Jr.,"The Green Revolution: Cornucopia or Pandora's Box", Foreign Affairs, 47 (April, 1969) 464-476.
From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1951-1970, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Norman Borlaug died on 12 September, 2009.
The ticking clock
Genetic engineering of plants greatly excited him. The risks, he said, were rubbish, unproven by science, while the potential benefits were endless. The transfer of useful characteristics might now take weeks, rather than decades. More lives would be saved. The gene for rust-resistance in rice, for example, might be put into all other cereals. He hoped he might live to see it.
Meanwhile what he called the “Population Monster” was breathing down his neck, or rather ticking, like Captain Hook’s crocodile. Every second brought two more people, crying to be fed. By 2050, he wrote in 2005, the world would need to double its food supply. Some 800m were malnourished as it was. Mr Borlaug loved to talk of reaching for the stars, but his day-to-day motto was an earthly one. Get the plough. Start growing now.
Nobel Peace Prize
For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 am, but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Mexico City. A chauffeur took her to the fields to inform her husband. According to his daughter, Jeanie Laube, "My mom said, 'You won the Nobel Peace Prize,' and he said, 'No, I haven't', ... It took some convincing ... He thought the whole thing was a hoax".[10] He was awarded the prize on December 10. In his Nobel Lecture the following day, he speculated on his award: "When the Nobel Peace Prize Committee designated me the recipient of the 1970 award for my contribution to the 'green revolution', they were in effect, I believe, selecting an individual to symbolize the vital role of agriculture and food production in a world that is hungry, both for bread and for peace".[23]
[edit] Borlaug hypothesis
Borlaug continually advocated increasing crop yields as a means to curb deforestation. The large role he played in both increasing crop yields and promoting this view has led to this methodology being called by agricultural economists the "Borlaug hypothesis", namely that increasing the productivity of agriculture on the best farmland can help control deforestation by reducing the demand for new farmland. According to this view, assuming that global food demand is on the rise, restricting crop usage to traditional low-yield methods would also require at least one of the following: the world population to decrease, either voluntarily or as a result of mass starvations; or the conversion of forest land into crop land. It is thus argued that high-yield techniques are ultimately saving ecosystems from destruction. On a global scale, this view holds strictly true ceteris paribus, if all land either consists of forests or is used for agriculture. But other land uses exist, such as urban areas, pasture, or fallow, so further research is necessary to ascertain what land has been converted for what purposes, in order to determine how true this view remains. Increased profits from high-yield production may also induce cropland expansion in any case, although as world food needs decrease, this expansion may decrease as well.[24]
[edit] Criticisms and his view of critics
Borlaug's name is nearly synonymous with the Green Revolution, against which many criticisms have been mounted over the decades by environmentalists, nutritionists, progressives, and economists. Throughout his years of research, Borlaug's programs often faced opposition by people who consider genetic crossbreeding to be unnatural or to have negative effects.[25] Borlaug's work has been criticized for bringing large-scale monoculture, input-intensive farming techniques to countries that had previously relied on subsistence farming.[26] These farming techniques reap large profits for U.S. agribusiness and agrochemical corporations such as Monsanto Company and have been criticized for widening social inequality in the countries owing to uneven food distribution while forcing a capitalist agenda of U.S. corporations onto countries that had undergone land reform.[27]
Other concerns of his critics and critics of biotechnology in general include: that the construction of roads in populated third-world areas could lead to the destruction of wilderness; the crossing of genetic barriers; the inability of crops to fulfill all nutritional requirements; the decreased biodiversity from planting a small number of varieties; the environmental and economic effects of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides; the amount of herbicide sprayed on fields of herbicide-resistant crops.[28]
Borlaug dismissed most claims of critics, but did take certain concerns seriously. He stated that his work has been "a change in the right direction, but it has not transformed the world into a Utopia".[29] Of environmental lobbyists he stated, "some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things".[30]
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